Due to climate change and rapid urbanization, contemporary cities face the dual challenges of providing sufficient stormwater management and adequate park services, which potentially conflict over limited space and resources.To solve these problems, here cities are increasingly combining stormwater infrastructure with park space in ways that create new efficiencies.To date, most research has focused on the stormwater management performance aspect of these combinations and not the techniques employed to achieve the combined goals.To fill this gap, 23 sponge city parks in Shanghai were investigated to examine the combination of stormwater and park services.Our findings show that stormwater techniques were primarily combined with the park educational toys facilities of water areas, paved open spaces, and pathways.
Additionally, we found that larger parks employed a wider range of techniques for managing stormwater runoff and supported broader sets of park activities, while those at smaller scales prioritized infiltration, detention, and purification measures, as well as concentrated on social and economic activities.This study is the first to explore copyright parks that integrate stormwater management and park services, thereby providing implications for copyright development in China and insights into the ways that the two properties can be combined in other cities.